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In This Section
Texas Health Dallas
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Research and Clinical Trials
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Glossary |
Active controlled/controlled trials: Control is a standard against which experimental observations may be evaluated. In clinical trials, one group of participants is given an experimental drug, while another group (i.e., the control group) is given either a standard treatment for the disease or a placebo.
Adenocarcinoma: A malignant tumor originating in the epithelial cells of glandular tissue and forming glandular structures.
Analgesic: A drug capable of reducing or eliminating pain.
Double-blind: A clinical trial design in which neither the persons taking part in the study nor the researchers know which participants are receiving the study drug and which are receiving a placebo (or other treatment). Double blind studies are thought to produce objective results because neither the participants nor the researchers giving the treatment are aware of which group is receiving the experimental treatment. The purpose is to eliminate bias in reporting of the results.
Epileptogenic: Having the capacity to induce epilepsy.
Immunohistochemical/histologically confirmed: Of or relating to microscopic localization of specific antigens in tissues by staining with antibodies labeled with fluorescent or pigmented material.
Multicenter: A study or trial that is conducted in multiple health care centers regionally, nationally or internationally.
Neuropathological: Of or relating to diseases of the nervous system.
Open-label trial: A clinical trial in which doctors and participants know which drug or vaccine is being given.
Parallel-group
Phasing: Research studies at Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas phased according to . . . Phase I is . . . Phase II is . . . Phase III is. . .
Phase I trials: Initial studies to determine the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of drugs in humans, the side effects related to increasing doses, and to gain early evidence of effectiveness; may include healthy participants and/or patients.
Phase II trials: Controlled clinical studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition under study and to determine the common short-term side effects and risks.
Phase III trials: Expanded controlled and uncontrolled trials after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the drug has been obtained, and are intended to gather additional information to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and provide and adequate basis for physician labeling.
Phase IV trials: Post-marketing studies to delineate additional information including the drug's risks, benefits and optimal use.
Placebo: A placebo is an inactive pill, liquid or powder that has no treatment value. In clinical trials, experimental treatments are often compared with placebos to assess the treatment's effectiveness. In some studies, the participants in the control group will receive a placebo instead of an active drug or treatment.
Placebo-controlled study: A method of studying drugs in which an inactive substance (the placebo) is given to one group of participants, while the drug being tested is given to another group. The results obtained in the two groups are then compared to see if the investigational treatment is more effective in treating the condition.
Prospective
Randomized trial: A study in which participants are randomly (i.e. by chance) assigned to one of two or more treatment arms of a clinical trial. Occasionally placebos are used.
Unfractionated
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